Reading › Re-order Paragraphs
Exercise 10
Task reminder: Type the correct order (A, B, C…) in the boxes to restore the original paragraph sequence. Start by finding the topic sentence — it has no backward references.
1. The Placebo Effect
| A. Patients who receive inert pills or sham procedures sometimes show genuine measurable improvements in symptoms, a phenomenon known as the placebo effect. | |
| B. Neuroimaging research has found that placebos can trigger the release of endorphins and other neurotransmitters, producing real physiological changes rather than merely subjective reports of improvement. | |
| C. The mechanism appears to involve expectation and conditioning: patients who believe they are receiving treatment activate brain systems associated with healing. | |
| D. The clinical implications are significant — understanding the placebo effect helps researchers design better trials and raises ethical questions about the role of hope and belief in medical practice. |
Show Answer 2. The Economics of Climate Action Show Answer 3. The Concept of Citizenship Show Answer A. For much of the twentieth century, environmental protection was framed as being in tension with economic growth — a luxury that only wealthy societies could afford. B. This framing has been substantially challenged by economists who argue that the costs of inaction on climate change — in damaged infrastructure, reduced agricultural productivity, and health impacts — far exceed the costs of mitigation. C. The Stern Review, published in 2006, estimated that the costs of unmitigated climate change could reach five to twenty percent of global GDP annually, while the costs of reducing emissions were far lower. D. Increasingly, renewable energy’s falling costs mean that transitioning to a low-carbon economy is not only environmentally necessary but economically rational, shifting the debate from “can we afford action” to “can we afford inaction.” A. Modern democratic citizenship carries both rights and responsibilities: the right to vote and to be protected by the law, alongside the responsibility to participate, pay taxes, and respect the rights of others. B. Citizenship — formal membership of a political community — determines who is entitled to the rights and protections offered by a state. C. The definition of citizenship has expanded over time: property, gender, and race have all historically been used to restrict access to full citizenship, and struggles to extend these rights have defined much of modern political history. D. In an increasingly globalised world, questions about dual citizenship, statelessness, and the rights of refugees challenge traditional notions of citizenship tied to a single national territory.