Task reminder: Read the passage then select all correct answers. Negative marking applies — do not guess randomly. Each correct answer scores +1, each incorrect answer scores −1.

1. Sample Text 1

Ocean currents act as a global conveyor belt, distributing heat from the tropics to the poles and regulating climate across vast regions. The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) — which includes the Gulf Stream — is responsible for the relatively mild climate of Western Europe compared to other regions at the same latitude. Evidence suggests that AMOC has weakened significantly over the past century as freshwater from melting Greenland ice sheets reduces the salinity-driven density difference that drives the circulation. A significant weakening or collapse of AMOC would have major implications for European climate, global sea levels, and monsoon systems in Africa and Asia.

Q. Which of the following consequences of AMOC weakening are mentioned in the passage?

A. Cooler climate in Western Europe
B. Changes to monsoon systems in Africa and Asia
C. Increase in tropical storm frequency
D. Changes to global sea levels
E. Disruption of deep-sea fishing in the Atlantic

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2. Sample Text 2

Citizen science — the involvement of members of the public in scientific research, typically through collecting, classifying, or analysing data — has grown substantially with the development of digital platforms that make participation easy and scalable. Projects such as Galaxy Zoo, which invites volunteers to classify galaxy images, and eBird, through which birdwatchers log sightings, have generated datasets that would be impossible for professional scientists to collect alone. While critics question data quality, studies show that with appropriate training and validation protocols, citizen science data can be as reliable as data collected by experts.

Q. According to the passage, which of the following are advantages of citizen science?

A. It always produces more accurate data than professional science
B. It enables collection of datasets impossible for professionals to gather alone
C. It increases public engagement with scientific research
D. It reduces the need for any data validation processes
E. Projects like Galaxy Zoo demonstrate its potential at scale

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3. Sample Text 3

The concept of sustainable development was formally defined by the Brundtland Commission in 1987 as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It rests on three pillars — economic development, social equity, and environmental protection — that are mutually dependent. The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), adopted in 2015, provide a framework of seventeen goals and 169 targets covering poverty, hunger, health, education, gender equality, clean energy, and climate action. Progress towards the SDGs has been uneven, with the COVID-19 pandemic reversing gains in several areas.

Q. Which of the following are identified in the passage as pillars of sustainable development?

A. Economic development
B. Technological innovation
C. Social equity
D. Environmental protection
E. Political stability

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